Analysis Of The Movie Girl Interrupted - 1252 Words

Girl, Interrupted is a captivating and striking film about the struggle of coming to terms with mental health and overcoming personal obstacles to allow treatment and support. While the main character Susanna Kaysen stays in the Claymoore psychiatric hospital, she is introduced to a whole new world, one where she is forced to confront the fact that she has a mental illness and needs professional help. The film begins with Susanna and the other girls from the hospital sitting in somber silence, in what appear to be a wet and dark room just as the sun comes up. From there Susanna begins talking about emotions and feelings someone with a mental illness might be feeling or thinking. Later it is revealed Susanna tried to kill herself by†¦show more content†¦The film ends with Susanna leaving Claymoore with a look of soberness and relief that she has finally gotten the help that she refused for so long. Throughout the film the portrayal of mental health and the corresponding medic al help, in modern times, would be scrutinized for the fact that her questionable psychiatrist was unsure of how to diagnose or treat Susanna. Additionally, throughout the film, there seemed to be a very loose control of Susanna and her actions, almost as if she had gone away to summer camp rather than somewhere she could receive medical help. And if her doctors had believed she was acting childish, immature, and rash this environment would surely only add to the problems. Furthermore, if the filmmaker’s intention was to spread awareness about borderline personality disorder they did not provide an accurate portrayal. The filmmaker left the reasoning and causes for this diagnosis too ambiguous. Susanna was told that she was torn between being sane and insane, however, this isn’t enough evidence to declare she has BPD. In fact, it is more likely that Lisa’s character had BPD as she portrayed more of the symptoms such as instability in moods and behaviors, impulsi ve actions, and unstable relationships. Susanna was closer in symptoms to someone suffering from depression, but the movie mainly focuses on her struggle with BPD. With the errors and misrepresentations of mental health andShow MoreRelatedGirl Interrupted Film Analysis858 Words   |  4 PagesRunning head: AN ANALYSIS OF GIRL, INTERRUPTED. 1 An Analysis of Girl, Interrupted Irvelt Nicolas And Alyssa Reilly College of Staten Island Read MoreThe Cabin Of The Woods985 Words   |  4 Pages‘The Cabin in The Woods’ has been hailed as one of the greatest movie in its genre. Its simplicity can be analysed in various way. As a media student I want to focus more on its critical analysis side rather than simply explanation as an amateur viewer. I have chosen this media text as horror genre in my opinion is worth to look at and I am familiar with it. Horror movies are being produced for decades and its already has its own conventions and codes that I will describe in this essay. ‘TheRead MoreTransgender Issues in Patriarchy, a Look at quot;Boys Dont Cryquot;1528 Words   |  7 PagesTeena, born Teena Brandon, played by Hillary Swank, who created a male identity for herself. Brandon was born in 1972 and died at the hopelessly young age of 21. The actual story takes place within the last two weeks of Brandons life, in 1993. The movie, a dramatized documentary, was released in 1999. Brandon is a transgendered individual; he was born a female, but feels that he would be happier living as a man. She leaves her brother and hometown of Lincoln, Nebraska, where everybody knows herRead MoreAnalysis of Girl Interrupted2171 Words   |  9 PagesMovie Analysis: Girl, Interrupted. Brittany Clontz Nursing 114 Girl interrupted is a gripping tale of a girl’s maladaptation to the challenges of life. The movie focuses on a young girl named Suzanna Kaysen growing up in the 1960s and struggling with the world around her. Suzanna is admitted to Clarmoore institution after she consumes a whole bottle of aspirin and alcohol to deal with her pain. When admitted to Clarmoore she claims she was not trying to commit suicide, but that she just had a headacheRead MoreEnslavement Disrupted the African’s Authentic Culture Essay1593 Words   |  7 PagesEuropeans and other races. However it was interrupted when the Europeans decided to take them from Africa and transplant them in America as slaves. As a result, their authentic cultures were drastically changed from the way of life in their native Africa to life in the plantation society of the Americas. In this essay, I will attempt to show how the conditions of enslavement disrupted all dimensions of the African’s authentic cultur e. To aid in my analysis, I will be using the â€Å"Reid Culture ConflictRead MoreIndividualism And Collectivism : The Importance Of Being Independent And Self Reliant1647 Words   |  7 Pagescollectivistic traits, it will also try to link other cultural dimensions to it. METHODOLOGY: The concepts discussed and conclusion derived in this paper are done after thoughtful analysis of the topic after going through the requisite topics of research papers by eminent social scientists(references given at the bottom). Analysis have also been made after watching few movies and also from some personal experience. The data has been collected exhaustively and hope will aids one knowledge of individualismRead MoreFemale Sterotypes in the Media Essay1728 Words   |  7 Pagesyear old boys and girls, an equal number â€Å"want to be president of the united states when they grow up† (Heldman). However, she notes that once this same question is asked at the age of fifteen, a â€Å"massive gap† (Heldman) between males and females is apparent (Heldman). Girls seem to be receiving the message from the media that their value and their worth depends on solely on how they look. Conversely, boys receive a similar message, namely, that this is what’s important about girls (Kilbourne). TheRead MoreSusanna Kaysen from Girl Interrupted2095 Words   |  9 PagesCharacter Analysis – Susanna Kaysen from Girl Interrupted This character analysis is based on the character, Susanna Kaysen (played by Winona Ryder), from the feature film ‘Girl Interrupted’ directed by James Mangold and distributed by Columbia Pictures Industries, Inc. in 1999, Rated MA15+. The film is based on the true story of Susanna Kaysen’s time in a mental institution, set in the 1960s. Exploring Susanna Kaysen’s character through an interactional viewpoint, many psychological conceptsRead MorePsychological Diagnosis of Blackswan2575 Words   |  11 PagesIII – Psychology CP04 THE MOVIE â€Å"BLACK SWAN† ANALYSIS I. SUMMARY Black Swan is a story about an aspiring ballet dancer, Nina, who dreamt of playing the role of the Swan Queen in the play Swan Lake. Swan Lake is a ballet play in which a princess is turned into the White Swan and can only be turned back if a man swears eternal love to her. In the ballet, she is betrayed by the Black Swan, the evil magicians daughter whom the magician has transformed to look exactly like the princess in orderRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Elf 2413 Words   |  10 Pageshuman behavior. Thus, leading to the expression â€Å"throwing someone under the bus† and causing distress to both parties of this situation. The first example is a classic Christmas film, Elf. The second example is an episode from a popular TV show, Gossip Girl, based on a novel series by Cecily von Ziegesar. During these difficult circumstances of throwing someone under the bus, someone will always be hurt in the process, whether it is physical or emotional. Hypothesis To experience being â€Å"thrown under

Descriptive Essay About Basketball - 1097 Words

I can recall this day unquestionably. It was a bright summer day, the trees looked taller and the daily breeze was magnificent. I had just woken up from a nap, when I received a text message from my basketball coach. It read, â€Å"Hey girls, let’s get together and go hoop at the rec today.† I read the message and I was amped with excitement. It had been months since I had actually played basketball with all girls. I missed it so much. I tried to stay busy to pass the time, so I begin to clean. My apartment was a mess and I knew that I would be cleaning for a while. I washed the dishes in what I can imagine was one of the happiest ways ever. I was actually singing while washing the dishes. This was very new for me. I even vacuumed the floor†¦show more content†¦I let my teammates know that I called next after the guys that were sitting. Everyone seemed excited, my coach had the biggest smile on her face. After about 15 minutes of shooting around it was time for us to play. The time had finally come, I thought to myself. We walked onto the court and established who was guarding who. We were ready to play. I looked around to see who I was going to guard, and as I looked around in a quick 360 glance it seemed as though all the guys that we were about to play had this annoyed look on their faces. I even seen an eyeroll from one of the guys. I wasn’t really sure what it was about until the game actually started. They weren’t taking us serious at all. There was a ton of goofy passes , and tricks. It seemed like they were trying to embarrass us or something, but this ignorance did not stop us. We kept playing hard and begin beating the boys by about 5 points. Once they realized this they began to get serious and play harder. While I was running down the court for a fast break I heard one of their friends on the sideline say â€Å"Hell no.† I believe he was referring to the fact that we were winning. He obviously didn t want that to happen because he would have to play against us, and God forbid girls playing basketball with guys; oh no! Eventually, the game was over. We walked off the court with our heads held high, but I could tell that the way the guys were acting bother myShow MoreRelatedDescriptive Essay About Basketball1245 Words   |  5 PagesI looked at the clock. I was 45 minutes early to basketball practice, waiting at the table. The basketball was dribbling under my fingertips, at a steady 1-2-3-4 pace. Thud, thud, thud, thud. My eyes wandered back to the clock. 42 minutes early from basketball practice. Yelling. I heard a lot of yelling behind me. It sounded like little school girls playing on a playground, enjoying themselves as they ran. As I turn my neck, I see four of my closest friends talking loudly to each other. PossiblyRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Basketball1123 Words   |  5 Pagesnot mind. It reminds me of my dedication and sacrifice for the game of basketball. My dad and I were on the way to my AAU basketball game. We drove past tattered football field with rusty field goal posts and into the parking lot of the worn out High Point High School. I got out of the car and grabbed my backpack and basketball shoes. As I approached the gym, I heard the loud squeak of shoes, the heavy pounding of a basketball, the yells of the coach, and the shrill sound of the referee’s whistleRead MoreDescriptive Essay About Playing Basketball1573 Words   |  7 PagesOne day I went to the park to play basketball on the basketball courts. I met up with some friends, and it was a beautiful day. It was a perfect day to play basketball on, it wasn’t too hot but wasn’t too cold. All of a sudden it started pouring rain, and at the park where we were there was no cover to cover yourself from the rain. So we ended getting all wet, and we ran to the nearest place which had a cover, which was Starbucks. So we stayed in Starbucks until it stopped rai ning. 2. One morningRead MoreNarrative and Descriptive Essay1226 Words   |  5 Pages Compare-Contrast Essay Eng121: English Composition I (AXC13480) Regina McKinney Professor: Nancy Segovia January 1, 2014 A narrative essay is about storytelling for a narrative story to work it must capture and hold the audience attention you must give a clear understanding of your story. A descriptive essay lets you describe in detail what the essay is all about using words that appeal to your sense of smell, hearing, see, touch, and taste. A descriptive essay lets you use words thatRead MoreThe Harlem Globetrotters, An Exhibition Basketball Team1490 Words   |  6 PagesSearching for the perfect topic in any essay is always tough. So when I began to think about a research topic, I had no idea what to write about. I started to think about all the things that I love doing and have a passion for such as, hunting, fishing, and sports. Although with this research paper I wanted to pick something that is intriguing to me, but I don’t know a whole lot about. When it comes to hunting and fishing, I’m pretty well informed. Although in sports, there are endless opportunitiesRead MoreThe T ask Of Composing A Descriptive Essay1310 Words   |  6 PagesRecently, my Composition I teacher assigned the class the task of composing a descriptive essay. This led me to the question, â€Å"what is a descriptive essay?† What topic could I possible write about for three whole pages? What have I done, seen, or experience that could fill these three long pages? My life thus far has been quite sheltered, so this has created quite the dilemma for me. Being that I am supposed to be descriptive, I feel the need to describe the stress that this has created for me. My physicalRead MoreSport and Football Essay1468 Words   |  6 PagesLeeander Ragland Prof. Milne Eng 101-25 29 February 2012 Respect Athletic Sports have come a long way since basketball was played with milk crates and flat balls in the alleys of the poor and rich alike. One may ask, why should I be concerned with the senseless sweating and hours of practice of those who enjoy sports? The answer is one that will open your eyes to the fulfillment sports can bring whether recreational or competitive. Sport activities offer a variety of lifelong qualitiesRead MoreAfrican Americans : The Treatment Of Minority Athletes1433 Words   |  6 Pagesagainst them, the team of African American basketball players had pressed to play a continuing game, and also a significant role in every area of American history† (Shultz, 207). The starting five of the Texas Western College Basketball Championship team underwent a day to day battle on and off the court due to their coach, coach Haskins’ courageous, yet frightening decision to make them the beginning lineup. Although, Glory Road may seem to be solely about the challenges that African Americans facedRead MoreNananna1497 Words   |  6 Pagesamount of tradition to one that has become a commercialized, violent, glitzy, and â€Å"Americanized† spectacle (237). Throughout the essay, Bowling speaks nostalgically about professional hockey, enriched in tradition, in contrast to where it is today: NHL’s expansion, salaries versus statistics, marketing and advertising and machismo (239). He is still very positive about the game and discusses how it involves all walks of life, its political role, Canada’s national identity, and its impact on pop cultureRead MoreDescriptive essay: Adrian Peterson1060 Words   |  5 PagesDionte Richards English Comp1 3/20/13 Descriptive essay Adrian Peterson is known as a running back for the Minnesota Vikings. He is a role model who shows pride and courage in every down he plays even through all of his trials and tribulations he faced. This phenomenal man is an exciting player who gets people excited, ecstatic, or whatever type of joy you could possibly have when you see him run the football. He just makes you want to watch the game of football. The people who followed or

Review of the IT Administrator’s Task Free Essays

You are an IT administrator for a company with an existing AD Forest. The company is adding two, new branch offices and you have been tasked with designing a replication strategy prior to DC deployment. Branch1 will be connected to the Main Office via a pair of bonded T1 lines and will contain a Call Center with high employee turnover. We will write a custom essay sample on Review of the IT Administrator’s Task or any similar topic only for you Order Now Branch2 will be in a very remote location and will be connected to the Main Office via a 56K POTS line. The run a replication topology in multisite network should be run off of Intersite Topology Generator. This will allow you to replicate between the two new offices. There are three attributes to control the behavior of replication traffic over the site link: cost, schedule, and frequency. Assigning a cost to a site link object allows the administrator to define the pate that replication will take. The schedule of the site link object determines when the link is available to replicate information. A site link’s frequency determines how often information will be replicated over a particular site link. Active Directory uses two protocols: Remote Procedure Calls over Internet Protocol by default for all replication traffic. The other protocol is called Simple Mail Transport Protocol is an alternative solution for intersite replication when a direct or reliable IP connection is not available. SMTP site links use asynchronous replication meaning that each replication transaction does not need to complete before another can start because the transaction can be stored until the destination server is available. After reviewing all of these protocols and the replication strategy that I have provided should give you a good understanding of which needed for each office building. Good luck on adding your two new branch offices. How to cite Review of the IT Administrator’s Task, Papers

Constructive Feedback Worksheet free essay sample

For each situation below, craft a complete, appropriate feedback message utilizing the guidelines listed at the beginning of this worksheet. Each typed response should be 25-50 words in length; please use complete sentences. 9) Your employee leaves a warehouse door unlocked over night. The warehouse contains thousands of dollars worth of equipment. This is the first time it has happened. When you leave the warehouse door unlocked, thousands of dollars worth of equipment are at a greater risk of theft. Beginning today, Id like for you to double check to ensure youve locked the door before you leave.What kind of reminder can we put together to ensure you remember to check? By taking this extra precaution of double-checking, you help ensure the safety of our companys equipment. 10) One member of your Learning Team is consistently late with his portion of the assignments. You are now working on your final assignment, worth 20 points, and this member has again not submitted his section on time. We will write a custom essay sample on Constructive Feedback Worksheet or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page It is now one day past deadline established by the team for submitting deliverables. When you are late with your portion of the assignments, the team becomes irritated because it slows down our work on the assignments.From here on out, we would like for your portions to be submitted by the predetermined deadline. Is there any kind of system that we can help you set up which will ensure that these deadlines are possible for you? By submitting your portions on time, our team will have the time required to fine tune our assignments before the final due dates and times. 1 1) One of your employees finally completes a complex procedure correctly, after get frustrated with the time we lose. We need to figure our how it is that we can make this happen correctly the first time around for that next time. Do you have any suggestions as to how we can make this happen?Solving this issue would save us time that we can invest in other projects. Exercise #6 In 350 words, describe a time in which you received feedback that you felt was counterproductive. Evaluate the feedback based on the four guidelines listed on this worksheet and suggest how the feedback could have been delivered more effectively. Please type your responses and use complete sentences. I can remember receiving feedback which I felt was counterproductive recently at work. I have reports which must be worked daily. Many times working a report consists of calling and/or mailing each client with updates regarding their finances.These reports are worked in order to ultimately financially clearing clients for their upcoming appointments. When co-workers are out for sick or vacation time, Seniors are required to pick up the slack for those counselors and work their reports. Recently our organization has had several people out for illnesses and vacation overloading the seniors with additional reports to work. A Senior Manager received notification that a few of the reports were not received on time during this last week and the email message that went out to he seniors read, mires slacking again. You all should be submitting reports on time. Based on the four guidelines of constructive feedback, our senior manager missed a few crucial steps which is why Vive identified this feedback as counterproductive as it proved to not be effective in many ways. In the first statement, the senior manager made an assumption and a Judgment on the Seniors by accusing the Seniors of slacking for submitting reports late. Guideline 2 was skipped over entirely as no reaction was documented. The manager simply requested a change.However, then the senior manager neglected to mention the potential results which would occur if those changes were made. A better response to the late submission of the reports could have been: When the reports are not submitted to the academic managers in a timely manner, I am embarrassed because this makes our department appears to operate inefficiently. Id like to get something organized today to ensure that this doesnt happen again. What kind of system can we work out to ensure this doesnt happen in the future? Solving these delays will prove to be less frustrating for everyone involved.

Structure of the Healthcare Industry Essay Example

Structure of the Healthcare Industry Paper Health care is one of the fastest growing section of the economy, and differs from other services in various ways (Danzon, 1992). The output of a bakery is bread but the output of the health care industry is less detailed or defined. The health care industry is changeable and unpredictable, making it less understood by both producers/suppliers and consumers (Danzon, 1992). However, the health care industry still operates within the basic rules of economics, and economical analysis is required in assessing public policy (Danzon, 1992).   The end product of medical care is, of course, health. Probabilities on health can only be applied and quantified before care is actually provided (Danzon, 1992). We will write a custom essay sample on Structure of the Healthcare Industry specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Structure of the Healthcare Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Structure of the Healthcare Industry specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The risk and threat of illness usually leads people to require health insurance. In the U.S., the market for health insurance is influenced by the fact that employer contributions are an integral part of employee compensation which is tax-exempt (Danzon, 1992). Thus, third party payment affects the basic structure of the health care industry (Danzon, 1992). Because insurance companies pay for a large percentage of medical care, a consumer’s â€Å"point-of-purchase† price has to be less. If a physician charges $20 and the insurance company pays for 80% for the charge, then the consumer’s price is on $4 . Like any other market, the quantity demanded goes up when price goes down. It is hard to measure quality of service based on the effect of insurance (Danzon). The presence of a particular government is heavily felt in the health care industry. In the U.S., the largest health insurer is Medicare or Medicaid (Danzon, 1992). Increase in Health Care Costs Health care costs have rapidly increased in recent years, mainly because of fast trends in medical technology (Danzon, 1992). Nevertheless, an effective resource allocation ensures that the medical benefits exceed marginal costs (Danzon, 1992). Hospitals play a major role in the health care industry (Danzon, 1992). Medicare implemented a â€Å"prospective payment system† in 1983, under which hospitals are paid a fixed charge per admission, basing on the diagnosis of a patient. This way, the hospital shoulders the partial cost of all expenses incurred by the patient. Physicians also play a major role in the health care industry (Danzon, 1992). The actual number of doctors who are active in providing care for patients have more than doubled (Danzon, 1992). This increase may be attributed to medical schools’ responses to federal subsidies created to multiply the supply of doctors after the entrance of Medicare and Medicaid (Danzon, 1992). In most markets, increases in supply would result in lower prices, and thus, a higher quantity. However, many doctors have relocated to rural areas that were otherwise unserved. There is a persistent connection between number of doctors per capita, and the prevalence of home-visits and surgical procedures. Another influence in the Health care industry is pharmaceutical trends. U.S. prescription of drugs grew by 16.9% in 2001 compare to 2000, making the pharma industry a $172 billion industry (Boyle, 2002).

Electronic Engineer Essays

Electronic Engineer Essays Electronic Engineer Essay Electronic Engineer Essay International Conference on Modelling and Simulation Path Loss Effect on Energy Consumption in a WSN ? Krishna Doddapaneni,? Enver Ever,? Orhan Gemikonakli,†  Ivano Malavolta,? Leonardo Mostarda,†  Henry Muccini Communications Department, School of Engineering Information Sciences, Middlesex University, UK Email:{k. doddapaneni, e. ever, o. gemikonakli, l. mostarda}@mdx. ac. uk †  Dipartimento Di Informatica De L’Aquila Via Vetoio L’Aquila 67100, Italy Email:{ivano. malavolta,henry. muccini}@univaq. it ? ComputerAbstract- Energy consumption of nodes is a crucial factor that constrains the networks life time for Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). WSNs are composed of small sensors equipped with lowpower devices, and have limited battery power supply. The main concern in existing architectural and optimisation studies is to prolong the network lifetime. The lifetime of the sensor nodes is affected by different components such as the microprocessor, the sensing module and the wireless transmitter/receiver. The existing works mainly consider these components to decide on best deployment, topology, protocols and so on.Recent studies have also considered the monitoring and evaluation of the path loss caused by environmental factors. Path loss is always considered in isolation from the higher layers such as application and network. It is necessary to combine path loss computations used in physical layer, with information from upper layers such as application layer for a more realistic evaluation. In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss model and application layer information in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well.We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost. This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. Index Terms- attenuation; path loss; wireless sensor networks; energy consumed; life time Evaluation tools Analytical modelingSimulators Real Deployment Test Beds Fig. 1. Performance evaluation methods I. I NTRODUCTION Recent advances in wireless communications and electronics have enabled the development of wireless sensor networks (WSNs), which comprise many low cost, low power, and multifunctional sensor nodes to accomplish certain sensing tasks in an intelligent manner. A sensor network is a special type of network which generally consists of a data acquisition system and a data distribution system. The unique characteristics of WSNs in terms of data collection and energy constrains, separate them from other communication networks.In Figure 1 we show the most common techniques for performance evaluation that are analytical modelling, simulation and benchmarking. The existing studies consider benchmarking in form of test beds and measurements for real deployment. The energy constrains of WSNs, limits their processing capabilities and communication. Therefore, using one of these performance evaluation methods, and analysis of deployment and management of such complex systems is a challenging task [1]. Due to inherent complexity and diverse nature of WSNs (dynamic topology, wireless channel characteristics, mobility, 978-0-7695-4682-7/12 $26. 0  © 2012 IEEE DOI 10. 1109/UKSim. 2012. 87 569 density of the nodes etc. ), analytical methods may become inappropriate as they require certain simpli? cations to model and predict the performance of the system. The simpli? cations may lead to inaccurate results in case of unrealistic assumptions [2],[3]. Experimental studies such as [4],[5],[6],[7] are not always practical for evaluation of systems with different architectures and under various conditions, mainly because of the dif? culties in deployment of real systems. Potential dif? ulties associated may be deploying tens or hundreds of sensor nodes in the physical environment, program the nodes and monitor their behaviour, the high costs involved in obtaining the instrumentation and other aspects such as fault tolerance, and scalability. It is well known that when it comes to benchmarking, the results in many cases cannot be extrapolated to suit the changes in the system or environment. Hence, testing and performance evaluation of WSNs through analytical modelling, real deployment and test beds can become complex, inaccurate, time consuming and/or costly.Simulation is currently the most widely adopted method for analyzing WSNs. Simulation studies provide quicker evaluation, optimisation and modi? cations of the proposed algorithms and protocols at design, development and implementation stages. A number of simulation tools are available with different features, models, architectures and characteristics for performance evaluation in WSNs. Packet level simulators offer various optimisation methods for free space scenarios and avoid the effects of path loss 1 that may be caused by different obstacles. The existing studies considering path loss for WSNs on the other hand are quite conservative.The impacts of path losses are not considered, and analysed together with details in upper layers such as network and application. In this paper, a new approach is considered to combine 1 Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates through space. the path loss related issues with packet level simulation. A case study is presented which uses path-loss as well as network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Well known path loss computation models are adopted to use with a new tool, which allows the users to deploy ensors in a two dimensional abstraction of the physical environment, and to introduce obstacles. The new tool in turn communicates with well-known Castalia package and OMNET simulation environment. The energy consumption of the nodes considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers is presented, the tradeoff between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is illustrated. The approach presented lends itself as a ? exible and ef? cient tool which provides a more realistic approach for analysing WSNs and evaluating the performance in terms of energy ef? iency. The ? exibility of abstraction provided for the physical environment, also makes it possible to use various path loss models (even experimental ones). The rest of the paper is organised as follows: Section II considers various types of simulators. In section III, our approach is presented. Section IV provides the details of home automation application which is chosen as a case study. Section V shows the numerical results obtained. The impact of path loss on energy consumption of the nodes in a WSN is shown as well as the behaviour of nodes for different transmission powers in presence of path losses.In section VI, conclusion and future studies are presented. II. R ELATED W ORK In this section, we consider existing simulators. They can be classi? ed based on their level of complexity in to three main categories: Instruction, algorithm and packet level. A. Instruction level simulators Instruction level simulators are often regarded as emulators. They model the CPU execution at the level of instructions. TOSSIM [8], Atemu [9], Avrora [10] are well known emulators. TOSSIM is the most commonly used emulator. However, compared to other emulators, it is not the most precise one. TOSSIM, is a platform speci? simulator (a TinyOS mote simulator) which can compile any code written for TinyOS to an executable ? le. TinyViz, is the basic GUI for TOSSIM which can visualize and interact with the running simulations. TOSSIM is speci? c for TinyOS applications on Mica motes sensors and do not include power models. Avora, is a javabased emulator used for programs speci? cally written for AVR microcontrollers produced by Amtel and the Mica2 sensor modes. Atemu provides low-level emulation of the operation of individual sensor nodes. A unique feature of Atemu is its ability to simulate a heterogeneous sensor network.It is scalable and its high ? delity platform is used as a predeployment tool for sensor networks. B. Algorithm level simulators Shawn [11], AlgoSensim [12], and Sinalgo [13], are well known algorithm level simulators with emphasis on the logic, data structure and presentation of the algorithms. They rely on some form of graphical data structure to demonstrate the communication between the nodes. Shawn is a very powerful tool in simulating large scale networks with an abstract point of view. It supports distributed protocols and generic high level algorithms. AlgoSensim focuses on network speci? analysis of algorithms like localization, distributed routing, and ? ooding. AlgoSensim mainly facilitates the implementation and quality analysis of new algorithms. Sinalgo focuses on the veri? cation of network algorithms and abstracts from the underlying layers. It also offers a message passing view of the network. Sinalgo can be employed for quick prototyping and veri? cation in freely customizable network settings. C. Packet level simulators OPNET, Qualnet, NS-2, GloMoSim, are some of the most commonly used packet level simulators. They implement the data link and physical layers in the OSI network layers.Hence, radio models, 802. 11b or newer MAC protocols, fading, collisions, noise and wave diffractions are commonly implemented. Network Simulator (NS) is a discrete event simulator written in combination of C++ and OTcl. OTcl is an object oriented scripting language, developed mainly for networking research. It provides extensive support for simulation of TCP, multicast protocols, and routing for wired and wireless networks. With protocol implementations being widely produced and developed, the extensibility of NS-2 has been a major contributor to its success.It has an object-oriented design which allows for easy creation of new protocols. The key features for WSNs include battery models, hybrid simulation support, sensor channels, scenario generation tools and a visualization tool [14]. Scalability, lack of application model and the lack of customization are few limitations of NS-2 along with lacking an application model [3]. OPNET [15] and Qualnet [16] are commercialized network simulator software with powerful standard modules and they provide good simulation environment.OPNET is an excellent choice to simulate Zigbee based networks with the implementation of Zigbee protocol and IEEE 802. 15. 4 MAC protocol. Qualnet performs well in simulating large scale sensor networks due to its scalability in wireless simulation, but OPNET simulation requires a long time when the number of sensors considered is large. The above mentioned simulators use rather simple radio/channel models [17]. Also, the simulators are still platform speci? c and moderately scalable, making them unsuitable for protocol /algorithm design and testing.Furthermore the environmental details and especially the effects of path loss has not been considered in any of the given simulation packages. III. O UR APPROACH Figure 2 outlines the main components of our approach. This has been implemented in a tool called PlaceLife. An environment editor allows the user to specify the physical environment by using a graphical editor. The environment can include different obstacles and different sensors. An obstacle can have different properties such as the material it is 570 PlaceLife other layers info Environment Editor Application Model Path loss Model Translation engine ommonly used path loss models that de? nes the behaviour of signal strength in an indoor area. The path loss behaviour is dependent on the distance between nodes and the attenuation factor added by the objects. The attenuation can vary based on several factors such as the construction materials (e. g. , wood, glass and concrete) and the object size. In the Table I we show some attenuation values in dB introduced by various materials. We provide a detailed discussion in the next Section. The dependant path loss model can be expressed as [21]: LP = L0 + 20log(d) + mtype wtype Castalia Omnet++ Fig. 2. PlaceLife here, LP represents the path loss between two nodes, d is the distance between the two nodes, L0 is the path loss in free space environment, mtype refers to the number of objects of the same type and wtype is the loss in decibels attributed to that particular object. B. The translation engine The translation engine takes as an input the environment, application, and path loss models in order to produce simulation scripts. We use Castalia [22] as a simulation tool. Castalia is a WSN simulator used for initial testing of protocols and/or algorithms with a realistic node behaviour, wireless channel and radio models.Since Castalia is highly tunable and can simulate a wide range of platforms, it is used to evaluate different platform characteristics. Castalia features an accurate radio model based on the work of the authors in [23]. It also features physical process model, considering clock drift, sensor energy consumption, CPU energy consumption, sensor bias etc. Unpredictability of the wireless channel, energy spent in transmission/receiving packets, performance degradation experienced by duty cycles, collisions are usually overlooked by simple simulators.However these details are well established in Castalia [17]. All main components that affect the energy consumption of sensor nodes are considered that are the micro-processor, the sensor module, wireless transmitter/receiver and the path loss. We emphasise that while Castalia provides a good low level simulation platform; it does not provide any means to specify the application behaviour, the environment and the path loss models. The application behaviour is needed to derive application level simulation parameters. The environment and the path loss models allow the calculation of the path loss.In fact while Castalia assumes that the user provides path loss related parameters, our approach automatically derives those values from high level models such as the environment and path loss. IV. H OME AUTOMATION Monitoring and automatic control of building environment is a case study considered quite often [24], [25], [26], [27]. Home automation can include the following functionalities: (i) heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems; (ii) emergency control systems (? re alarms); (iii) centralized control lighting; and (iv) other systems, to provide comfort, energy ef? ciency and security.In order to validate our approach made of and its size. The environment editor also allows the speci? cation of the sensor position in the physical environment. Obstacles and sensor position are used to compute the path loss. An application model de? nes the behaviour of nodes. From this model various performance parameters such as transmission and sensing rates can be derived. PlaceLife considers information from other layers such as network, data and physical layers to have a more realistic approximation for the life time. At network layer different protocols such as AODV [18] and DSR [19] can be speci? d but also static routing can be de? ned. This can be easily speci? ed on the environment model. Although various data link layer access methods can be used, the Timeout MAC (T-MAC) has been chosen in this case study. T-MAC is a contention based MAC protocol that use synchronised sleep schedules between the nodes in a WSN to conserve energy [20]. Also T-MAC provides both collision avoidance and reliable transmission. A. Path loss Path loss is the attenuation in power density of an electromagnetic wave as it propagates. Path loss is consequence of many effects such as free-space loss, refraction, diffraction, re? ction, aperture-medium coupling loss, and absorption. Path loss is also affected by other factors such as propagation medium (dry or moist air), the distance between the transmitter and the receiver, and the frequency of the signal. When the effects of path loss are not considered, the evaluation of underlying structure can become optimistic, since the problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. In our approach a path loss model can be speci? ed by the user. This model is used together with the physical environmental model in order to de? e the path loss between two nodes. In this paper we consider indoor environment and the dependant path loss model [21]. This is one of the most 571 A5 T Sm Sp Sp A3 BS A1 T T A4 Sp Sm Sm T Sp = sprinkler T = temperature Sm = smoke BS = base station concrete wood glass Sm Sp T A2 Sp Fig. 4. Fig. 3. Home automation Energy consumed by each node with and without path loss we consider the ? re alarm system and the automatic heating application. The ? re alarm system is composed of different temperature sensors and smoke detectors that are distributed inside the building.There are also sprinkler actuators used to enable the water ? ow in case of ? re. All the temperature sensors monitor the temperature at regular intervals (every 30 seconds). When a temperature sensor reads a value that exceeds a speci? ed threshold; it sends an alert message to the smoke detector. The smoke detector receives the alert and checks for smoke. An alarm is raised when the smoke is detected. In this case the smoke sensor also activates all the sprinklers. The automatic heating application is composed of different temperature sensors, a base station and various heaters.The temperature sensors send readings every 30 seconds to the base station. This is placed at the center forming a star topology. The base station averages the readings and decides whether or not the central heating system should be on. More speci? cally the base station works in the following way: if the heating is turned on and the average temperature is greater than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns off. if the average temperature is less than the minimum threshold, the central heating system turns on. We consider the scenario of Figure 3. A ? at composed of ? e rooms (A1-A5). We also consider different obstacles such as wooden doors, walls and glass partition. V. N UMERICAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS In order to show the usefulness and effectiveness of our approach and to analyse various factors affecting the performance in terms of energy consumption of WSNs, the numerical results are presented in this section. The simulation parameters are as follows: CC2420 radio de? ned by the Texas instruments is used, the output power of the different transmission levels in dBm are varied from 0 to -25dBm. Energy consumption for each transmission level varies.For instance for 0 dBm power consumed for listening (receiving) is 62 mW and for transmission is 57. 42 mW. Packet rate is kept at 250 kbps, the radio bandwidth is 20 MHz and the simulation runs for 9000 sec. T-MAC is used as a MAC protocol, and this makes the length of each frame period for all nodes 610 milliseconds, and the duration of listen time out 61 milliseconds. For our case study, we calculated the path-loss due to the material and explicitly set our path loss map [21], [28]. Refer to Figure 3 and Table I [21] for each type of obstacle and for its contribution to path loss.For the sake of the presentation we use numbers to represent sensors. Node 0 represents the base station. Nodes 1,4,5,7, and 9 monitor temperature in areas A1,A5,A4,A3, and A2 respectively. Nodes 2,3,6, and 8 monitor smoke in the areas A1,A5,A4, and A3 respectively. Table II and Table III show the energy consumed by the nodes for the application scenario considering the path-loss phenomenon and ignoring the path loss respectively. Similarly, Figure 4 shows the difference in energy consumed by each node for two different cases. In case one path loss is ignored, and for the next set of results the path loss is present.It is evident that the lifetime of the nodes is heavily TABLE I PARTITION DEPENDENT LOSSES FOR 2. 4 G HZ obstacles Concrete wall Wooden door Glass wall Cinder wall window Brick Masonry brick metal door attenuation in dB 12 2. 8 2 4 2 5 17 12. 4 TABLE II E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , CONSIDERING PATH LOSS nodes 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 energy 100. 7 84. 9 95. 6 94. 3 90. 1 88. 8 89. 3 88. 9 90. 5 91. 2 TABLE III E NERGY CONSUMED BY THE NODES IN JOULES , IGNORING PATH LOSS nodes 0 energy 81. 4 1 2 81. 4 82. 6 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 81. 4 81. 5 81. 5 82. 7 81. 4 82. 4 83. 1 572 Fig. 5. Energy consumed vs. ransmitted power for nodes 5-9 Fig. 6. Energy consumed vs. transmitted power vs. packets lost dependent on the impact of the path loss, and ignoring the effect of path loss would be an optimistic assumption when energy consumed by each node is considered. This is because, when the effects of path loss are not considered, problems associated, retransmissions and the way this phenomena affects the energy consumption are not taken into account. However these factors affect the life time of the node. Node 3 consumes 13 joules of more energy due to path loss, when compared to no path loss.Figure 5 shows the life time of the nodes 5 to 9, considering the impact of path loss for different transmission powers. Transmission power is varied from -25 dBm to 0 dBm, the energy consumption of the nodes is increased as we increase the transmission power. For node 7, as the transmission power is increased from -25 dBm to 0dBm, the energy consumed by the node also increases from 80. 1 joules to 88. 9 joules. The trade-off between traditional performance measures such as packet loss and residual energy is presented in Figure 6.The dotted lines represent the packets lost and the straight lines represent the energy consumed by each node. As the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, there is a gradual increase in amount of packets lost. For node 0, as the transmission power is decreased from 0 dBm to -25 dBm, the number of packets lost increases to 370, from 206 and the energy consumed increases to 100 joules, from 88 joules. Because of the retransmissions, more energy is consumed by the nodes. But the increase in transmission power does not necessarily mean increase in the life time as there are no retransmissions.When the tradeoff between the packet loss and the energy consumed is analysed, it can be seen that the optimum transmission power should be between -15 to -5 dBm where the energy consumption is less than 95 joules and packet loss is less than 200 packets. VI. C ONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK In this paper, a simulation-based study is presented that uses path-loss network and application layer data in order to predict the network lifetime. Physical environment is considered as well. We show that when path-loss is introduced, increasing the transmission power is needed to reduce the amount of packets lost.This presents a tradeoff between the residual energy and the successful transmission rate when more realistic settings are employed for simulation. It is a challenging task to optimise the transmission power of WSNs, in presence of path loss, because although increasing the transmission power reduces the residual energy, it also reduces the number of retransmissions required. This work is by no means complete. The concept is far more complicated than just ? nding out the network life time. The main focus is to place the nodes in a way to maximise the network life time, which is the major constrain of WSNs. Work is in progress.R EFERENCES [1] I. Akyildiz, S. Weilian, Y. Sankarasubramaniam, and E. Cayirci, A survey on sensor networks, Communications Magazine, IEEE, vol. 40, no. 8, pp. 102 – 114, aug 2002. [2] T. Krop, M. Bredel, M. Hollick, and R. 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The purpose of this paper is to use a gender-based analysis to Term

The purpose of this is to use a gender-based analysis to critically analyze how the family and criminal court systems impa - Term Paper Example 48% of Latinas immigrants have opined that partner’s violence and abuse have increased considerably after they migrated to the United States. 60% of Korean immigrant women reported that they have been beaten by their husbands. Among immigrant women, married ones have been found to be suffering from higher levels of sexual abuse and physical abuse, compared to unmarried women. Almost 60% of married women face abuse; less than 50% of unmarried women encounter abuse. Immigrant women who have native people as partners are under big risks as partners take advantage of the immigration status of women. Status of women as immigrants is a tool of control for their partners. People abuse, batter or put great control over their immigrant partners as immigrants are unable to break out because of their disadvantaged immigrant status. Unfortunate immigrant women are forced to remain in the relationship in spite of the troubles they face. They accept domestic violence as they do not have muc h access to social and legal services. Abusers and victims are of the belief that protections of the legal system are not available to immigrants. However family court systems and criminal court systems do impact immigrant and refugee families. Family and criminal court systems attempt to provide justice immigrant and refugee families. Immigrants and refugees being the non-citizen and undocumented person can still file a petition in the family court. Immigrants and refugees who are under the risk of abuse can file an order of protection. They can encounter the Safe Horizon office associated with the Family Court. If an undocumented immigrant or a refugee who is married to a US citizen becomes a victim of domestic violence, he can become a permanent resident with the help of Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). Immigrants are particularly targeted in domestic violence situations. Fear of deportation and lack of secure employment make immigrants reluctant to report cases of domestic vio lence. Abusers threaten victims of disclosing their status in the United States. There are however several measures immigrants can do to check the domestic violence against them. Federal government has put forward domestic violence immigrant relief programs as per the 1994 Violence Against Women Act. This particular act is applicable to both men and women. These programs supply legal status to the victims of domestic violence who do self-report the abuse. As per Violence Against Women Act the victim should have a valid marriage to a lawful permanent resident or a United States citizen. The victim should otherwise have a divorce from the US citizen partner in the past two years. The victim should not have any criminal record. Victim should report a case of battery or severe cruelty. For example, it can be a psychological abuse in which the partner is refusing the required immigration papers for the victim. According to Form I-360, if the domestic violence victim meets all the criteri a, she will be provided an immediate visa even if she does not have a derivative status under her partner or former partner. Yet another option for victims is U visa. An unmarried undocumented immigrant who became a victim of domes